| Abstract: | Surfaces have a huge impact on the physics and chemistry of solids. Changes in surfaces (or other boundaries of a solid), in particular, can be related to changes in the local (“chemical”) environment. In the idealized limit, in which surfaces are defined as “boundaries” associated with a lack of, or accumulation of charge, dynamical effects at surfaces can be used and are required (by the associated coupling to external electromagnetic fields) to relate seemingly unrelated local and non-local effects. Thus, counter-intuitive ideas about local and non-local effects can become dominant. In particular, in PdH or PdD, provided external forces are applied uniformly, it is entirely possible for hydrogen (p) or deuterium (d) nuclei to acquire a common phase (a broken gauge symmetry1) and to “become wave-like” and interact coherently, through the electromagnetic field, simultaneously, but an isotropically at the boundaries of a PdD or PdH substrate, or at isolated locations within either substrate. Also, these effects can create coupling between localized and delocalized forms of interaction. We use these and related effects as the basis for suggesting new experiments that have bearing on the findings of Iwamura et al., concerning the “apparent” transmutation of Cs–Pr. |
