FREQUENCY STANDARDS AND METROLOGY

FREQUENCY STANDARDS AND METROLOGY
Proceedings of the 7th Symposium

Asilomar Conference Grounds, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, 5 - 11 October 2008

CONTENTS


FRONT MATTER	i
Part I: Fundamental Physics
VARIATION OF FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS FROM THE BIG BANG TO ATOMIC CLOCKS: THEORY AND OBSERVATIONS V. V. Flambaum and J. C. Berengut	3
ALPHA-DOT OR NOT: COMPARISON OF TWO SINGLE ATOM OPTICAL CLOCKS T. ROSENBAND, D. B. HUME, C.-W. CHOU, J. C. J. KOELEMEIJ, A. BRUSCH, S. BICKMAN, W. H. OSKAY, T. M. FORTIER, J. E. STALNAKER, S. A. DIDDAMS, N. R. NEWBURY, W. C. SWANN, W. M. ITANO, D. J. WINELAND and J. C. BERGQUIST	20
VARIATION OF THE FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT AND LASER COOLING OF ATOMIC DYSPROSIUM N. A. Leefer, A. Cingöz, D. Budker, S. J. Ferrell, V. V. Yashchuk, A. Lapierre, A.-T Nguyen, S. K. Lamoreaux and J. R. Torgerson	34
MEASUREMENT OF SHORT RANGE FORCES USING COLD ATOMS F. PEREIRA DOS SANTOS, P. WOLF, A. LANDRAGIN, M.-C. ANGONIN, P. LEMONDE, S. BIZE, A. CLAIRON, A. LAMBRECHT, B. LAMINE and S. REYNAUD	44
ATOM INTERFEROMETRY EXPERIMENTS IN FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS S. W. Chiow, S. Herrmann, S. Chu and H. Müller	53
SPACE SCIENCE APPLICATIONS OF FREQUENCY STANDARDS AND METROLOGY M. TINTO	62
Part II: Frequency & Metrology
QUANTUM METROLOGY WITH LATTICE-CONFINED ULTRACOLD SR ATOMS A. D. LUDLOW, G. K. CAMPBELL, S. BLATT, M. M. BOYD, M. J. MARTIN, T. L. NICHOLSON, M. SWALLOWS, J. W. THOMSEN, T. FORTIER, C. W. OATES, S. A. DIDDAMS, N. D. LEMKE, Z. BARBER, S. G. PORSEV and JUN YE	73
LNE-SYRTE CLOCK ENSEMBLE: NEW ⁸⁷Rb HYPERFINE FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT - SPECTROSCOPY OF ¹⁹⁹Hg AND ²⁰¹Hg OPTICAL CLOCK TRANSITION M. PETERSEN, J. MILLO, D. V. MAGALHÃES, C. MANDACHE, S. T. DAWKINS, R. CHICIREANU, Y. LECOQ, J. GUÉNA, F. CHAPELET, P. ROSENBUSCH, P. LAURENT, M. ABGRALL, G. D. ROVERA, G. SANTARELLI, A. CLAIRON, S. BIZE and M. E. TOBAR	82
PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF S-WAVE SCATTERING PHASE SHIFTS WITH A JUGGLING ATOMIC CLOCK STEVEN GENSEMER, RUSSELL HART, ROSS MARTIN, XINYE XU, RONALD LEGERE, KURT GIBBLE and SERVAAS KOKKELMANS	91
ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT OF THE ⁴⁰Ca⁺ 4s ²S_1/2 - 3d ²D_5/2 CLOCK TRANSITION M. Chwalla, J. Benhelm, K. Kim, G. Kirchmair, T. Monz, M. Riebe, P. Schindler, A. S. Villar, W. Hänsel, C. F. Roos, R. Blatt, M. Abgrall, G. Santarelli, G. D. Rovera and Ph. Laurent	100
THE SEMICLASSICAL STOCHASTIC-FIELD/ATOM INTERACTION PROBLEM JAMES CAMPARO	109
PHASE AND FREQUENCY NOISE METROLOGY E. RUBIOLA, V. GIORDANO, K. VOLYANSKIY and L. LARGER	118
OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN FOR AN IMPROVED DETERMINATION OF THE RYDBERG CONSTANT J. L. FLOWERS, P. E. G. BAIRD, A. EVANS, H. A. KLEIN, C. D. LANGHAM, L. MAIRINIAC, H. S. MARGOLIS and B. R. WALTON	127
Part III: Clock Applications in Space
RECENT PROGRESS ON THE ACES MISSION L. CACCIAPUOTI and C. SALOMON	135
THE SAGAS MISSION PETER WOLF	146
SMALL MERCURY MICROWAVE ION CLOCK FOR NAVIGATION AND RADIO-SCIENCE JOHN D. PRESTAGE, SANG CHUNG, ROBERT THOMPSON, PAUL MACNEAL and THANH LE	156
ASTRO-COMB: REVOLUTIONIZING PRECISION SPECTROSCOPY IN ASTROPHYSICS C. E. Cramer, C.-h. Li, A. G. Glenday, D. F. Phillips, G. Furesz, D. Sasselov, A. Szentgyorgyi, R. L. Walsworth, A. Benedick and F. X. Kärtner	166
HIGH FREQUENCY VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY: FREQUENCY STANDARDS AND IMAGING AN EVENT HORIZON Sheperd Doeleman	175
OPTICALLY-PUMPED SPACE CESIUM CLOCK FOR GALILEO: RESULTS OF THE BREADBOARD R. RUFFIEUX, P. BERTHOUD, M. HALDIMANN, S. LECOMTE, V. HERMANN, M. GAZARD, R. BARILLET, S. GUERANDEL, E. DE CLERCQ and C. AUDOIN	184
Part IV: Optical Clocks I: Lattice Clocks
OPTICAL LATTICE CLOCK: SEVEN YEARS OF PROGRESS AND NEXT STEPS HIDETOSHI KATORI, MASAO TAKAMOTO and TOMOYA AKATSUKA	191
THE Yb OPTICAL LATTICE CLOCK N. D. LEMKE, A. D. LUDLOW, Z. W. BARBER, N. POLI, C. W. HOYT, L. S. MA, J. E. STALNAKER, C. W. OATES, L. HOLLBERG, J. C. BERGQUIST, A. BRUSCH, T. M. FORTIER, S. A. DIDDAMS, T. HEAVNER, S. JEFFERTS and T. PARKER	200
OPTICAL LATTICE CLOCK WITH Sr ATOMS P. G. WESTERGAARD, A. LECALLIER, J. LODEWYCK and P. LEMONDE	209
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPTICAL CLOCK BASED ON NEUTRAL STRONTIUM ATOMS HELD IN A LATTICE TRAP E. A. CURTIS, Y. B. OVCHINNIKOV, I. R. HILL, G. P. BARWOOD and P. GILL	218
DECOHERENCE AND LOSSES BY COLLISIONS IN A ⁸⁸Sr LATTICE CLOCK J. S. R. Vellore Winfred, Ch. Lisdat, T. Middelmann, T. Legero, F. Riehle and U. Sterr	223
LATTICE YB OPTICAL CLOCK AND CRYOGENIC Cs FOUNTAIN AT INRIM FILIPPO LEVI, DAVIDE CALONICO, LUCA LORINI, CLAUDIO CALOSSO, ELIO K. BERTACCO, ALDO GODONE and GIOVANNI A. COSTANZO	228
Part V: Optical Clocks II: Ion Clocks
¹⁷¹YB⁺ SINGLE-ION OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARDS CHR. TAMM, B. LIPPHARDT, T. E. MEHLSTÄUBLER, M. OKHAPKIN, I. SHERSTOV, B. STEIN and E. PEIK	235
AN OPTICAL CLOCK BASED ON A SINGLE TRAPPED ⁸⁸Sr⁺ ION H. S. MARGOLIS, G. P. BARWOOD, G. HUANG, H. A. KLEIN, S. N. LEA, G. MARRA, V. TSATOURIAN, B. R. WALTON and P. GILL	241
A TRAPPED ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ ION OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARD BASED ON THE S_1/2 - F_7/2 TRANSITION P. GILL, S. A. WEBSTER, G. HUANG, K. HOSAKA, A. STANNARD, S. N. LEA, R. M. GODUN, S. A. KING, B. R. WALTON and H. S. MARGOLIS	250
OVERVIEW OF HIGHLY ACCURATE RF AND OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARDS AT THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA A. A. MADEJ, J. E. BERNARD, P. DUBÉ and L. MARMET	259
Part VI: Optical Frequency Combs
EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET FREQUENCY COMBS FOR SPECTROSCOPY A. Ozawa, M. Herrmann, A. Vernaleken, Ch. Gohle, B. Bernhardt, T. Wilken, W. Schneider, Ph. Vilar Welter, S. Knünz, V. Batteiger, R. Holzwarth, E. Peters, S. Reinhardt, T. W. Hänsch and Th. Udem	271
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPTICAL CLOCKWORK FOR THE SINGLE TRAPPED STRONTIUM ION STANDARD AT 445 THz John E. Bernard, Pierre Dubé, Alan A. Madej, Stan Cundy, Jean-Simon Boulanger, Jie Jiang and David J. Jones	280
A PHASE-COHERENT LINK BETWEEN THE VISIBLE AND INFRARED SPECTRAL RANGES USING A COMBINATION OF CW OPO AND FEMTOSECOND LASER FREQUENCY COMB E. V. KOVALCHUK and A. PETERS	285
IMPROVEMENTS TO THE ROBUSTNESS OF A TI:SAPPHIRE-BASED FEMTOSECOND COMB AT NPL V. TSATOURIAN, H. S. MARGOLIS, S. N. LEA, B. R. WALTON, G. MARRA, D. T. REID and P. GILL	291
Part VII: Atomic Microwave Standards
NIST F1 AND F2 T. P. HEAVNER, T. E. PARKER, J. H. SHIRLEY and S. R. JEFFERTS	299
ATOMIC FOUNTAINS FOR THE USNO MASTER CLOCK C. EKSTROM, S. PEIL, T. SWANSON and S. CRANE	308
THE TRANSPORTABLE CESIUM FOUNTAIN CLOCK NIM5: ITS CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE TIANCHU LI, PINGWEI LIN, MINGSHOU LI, PING WANG, WEILIANG CHEN, NIANFENG LIU and YIGE LIN	314
COMPENSATED MULTI-POLE MERCURY TRAPPED ION FREQUENCY STANDARD AND STABILITY EVALUATION OF SYSTEMATIC EFFECTS E. A. BURT, S. TAGHAVI-LARIGANI, J. D. PRESTAGE and R. L. TJOELKER	321
RESEARCH OF FREQUENCY STANDARDS IN SIOM — ATOMIC FREQUENCY STANDARDS BASED ON COHERENT STORAGE B. YAN, H. D. CHENG, Y. S. MA, W. Z. ZHANG, L. LIU and Y. Z. WANG	329
THE PTB FOUNTAIN CLOCK ENSEMBLE PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NEW FOUNTAIN CSF2 N. NEMITZ, V. GERGINOV, R. SCHRÖDER, S. WEYERS and R. WYNANDS	338
THE PULSED OPTICALLY PUMPED CLOCK: MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL DETECTION SALVATORE MICALIZIO, ALDO GODONE, FILIPPO LEVI and CLAUDIO CALOSSO	343
RESEARCH ON CHARACTERISTICS OF PULSED OPTICALLY PUMPED RUBIDIUM FREQUENCY STANDARD JIANLIAO DENG, ZHENGFENG HU, LIN LI and HUIJUAN HE	348
STATUS OF THE CONTINUOUS COLD FOUNTAIN CLOCKS AT METAS-LTF A. JOYET, G. DI DOMENICO, G. K. GULATI, P. THOMANN and A. STEFANOV	353
EXPERIMENTS WITH A NEW ²⁰¹Hg⁺ ION CLOCK E. A. BURT, S. TAGHAVI-LARIGANI, S. N. LEA, J. D. PRESTAGE and R. L. TJOELKER	358
OPTIMISING A HIGH-STABILITY CW LASER-PUMPED RUBIDIUM GAS-CELL FREQUENCY STANDARD C. AFFOLDERBACH, F. GRUET, D. MILETIC and G. MILETI	363
RAMAN-RAMSEY Cs CELL ATOMIC CLOCK R. BOUDOT, S. GUERANDEL, N. CASTAGNA, O. KOZLOVA, E. DE CLERCQ, N. DIMARCQ and A. CLAIRON	368
Part VIII: Microwave Resonators & Oscillators
SOLUTIONS AND ULTIMATE LIMITS IN TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION OF METALLIC CYLINDRICAL MICROWAVE RESONATORS ANDREA DE MARCHI	375
CRYOGENIC SAPPHIRE OSCILLATORS J. G. HARTNETT, E. N. IVANOV and M. E. TOBAR	384
ULTRA-STABLE OPTICAL CAVITY: DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTS J. MILLO, S. BIZE, E. M. L. ENGLISH, P. LEMONDE and G. SANTARELLI	393
NEW RESULTS FOR WHISPERING GALLERY MODE CRYOGENIC SAPPHIRE MASER OSCILLATORS K. BENMESSAI, P. Y. BOURGEOIS, N. BAZIN, Y. KERSALÉ, V. GIORDANO, M. OXBORROW, D. L. CREEDON, J. G. HARTNETT and M. E. TOBAR	398
Part IX: Advanced Techniques
FUNDAMENTAL NOISE-LIMITED OPTICAL PHASE LOCKING AT FEMTOWATT LIGHT LEVELS JOHN DICK, MEIRONG TU, KEVIN BIRNBAUM, DMITRY STREKALOV and NAN YU	405
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL FREQUENCY TRANSFER VIA OPTICAL FIBRE G. MARRA, S. N. LEA, H. S. MARGOLIS and P. GILL	417
ULTRA-STABLE LASER SOURCE FOR THE ⁸⁸Sr⁺ SINGLE-ION OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARD AT NRC P. DUBÉ, A. A. MADEJ and J. E. BERNARD	422
CLOCK LASER SYSTEM FOR A STRONTIUM LATTICE CLOCK T. Legero, Ch. Lisdat, J. S. R. Vellore Winfred, H. Schnatz, G. Grosche, F. Riehle and U. Sterr	427
MEASUREMENT NOISE FLOOR FOR A LONG-DISTANCE OPTICAL CARRIER TRANSMISSION VIA FIBER G. GROSCHE, O. TERRA, K. PREDEHL, T. HÄNSCH, R. HOLZWARTH, B. LIPPHARDT, F. VOGT, U. STERR and H. SCHNATZ	432
OPTICAL FREQUENCY TRANSFER OVER 172 KM OF INSTALLED FIBER S. CRANE, H. JIANG, P. LEMONDE, G. SANTARELLI, F. KEFELIAN, O. LOPEZ, A. AMY-KLEIN and CH. CHARDONNET	437
Part X: Miniature Systems
CHIP-SCALE ATOMIC DEVICES: PRECISION ATOMIC INSTRUMENTS BASED ON MEMS J. KITCHING, S. KNAPPE, V. GERGINOV, V. SHAH, P. D. D. SCHWINDT, B. LINDSETH, E. A. DONLEY, Y.-J. WANG, E. HODBY, M. EARDLEY, R. JIMENEZ, W. C. GRIFFITH, A. GERACI, J. PREUSSER, T. C. LIEBISCH, H. G. ROBINSON and L. HOLLBERG	445
CSAC – THE CHIP-SCALE ATOMIC CLOCK R. LUTWAK, A. RASHED, M. VARGHESE, G. TEPOLT, J. LEBLANC, M. MESCHER, D. K. SERKLAND, K. M. GEIB and G. M. PEAKE	454
REACHING A FEW 10^-13 τ^-1/2 STABILITY LEVEL WITH A COMPACT COLD ATOM CLOCK F. X. ESNAULT, S. PERRIN, D. HOLLEVILLE, S. GUERANDEL, N. DIMARCQ and J. DELPORTE	463
EVALUATION OF LIN∥LIN CPT FOR COMPACT AND HIGH PERFORMANCE FREQUENCY STANDARD E. BRESCHI, G. MILETI, G. KAZAKOV, B. MATISOV, R. LAMMEGGER and L. WINDHOLZ	468
Part XI: Time Scales
ATOMIC TIME SCALES TAI AND TT(BIPM): PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS GÉRARD PETIT	475
WEIGHT FUNCTIONS FOR BIASES IN ATOMIC FREQUENCY STANDARDS JON H. SHIRLEY	483
Part XII: Interferometers
DEFINITION AND CONSTRUCTION OF NOISE BUDGET IN ATOM INTERFEROMETRY Erika D'Ambrosio	491
CHARACTERIZATION OF A COLD ATOM GYROSCOPE A. LANDRAGIN, A. GAUGUET, T. LÉVÈQUE and W. CHAIBI	502
A MOBILE ATOM INTERFEROMETER FOR HIGH PRECISION MEASUREMENTS OF LOCAL GRAVITY M. SCHMIDT, A. SENGER, T. GORKHOVER, S. GREDE, E. V. KOVALCHUK and A. PETERS	511
DEMONSTRATION OF ATOM INTERFEROMETER COMPRISED OF GEOMETRIC BEAM SPLITTERS HIROMITSU IMAI and ATSUO MORINAGA	517
Part XIII: New Directions
ACTIVE OPTICAL CLOCKS JINGBIAO CHEN	525
PROSPECTS FOR A NUCLEAR OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARD BASED ON THORIUM-229 E. PEIK, K. ZIMMERMANN, M. OKHAPKIN and CHR. TAMM	532
WHISPERING GALLERY MODE OSCILLATORS AND OPTICAL COMB GENERATORS A. B. MATSKO, A. A. SAVCHENKOV, W. LIANG, V. S. ILCHENKO, D. SEIDEL and L. MALEKI	539
FREQUENCY COMPARISON USING ENERGY-TIME ENTANGLED PHOTONS A. Stefanov	559
BACK MATTER	565
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